The Impact Of Coffee On Digestive System Health: A Comprehensive Overview
Coffee, one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, has long been a subject of interest when it comes to its impact on digestive system health. While some studies suggest potential benefits, others highlight possible adverse effects. This comprehensive overview aims to shed light on the complex relationship between coffee and digestive system diseases.
One area where coffee has shown promising effects is in preventing certain digestive system diseases. Research suggests that regular coffee consumption may reduce the risk of developing conditions such as liver cirrhosis, gallstones, and certain types of liver cancer. Coffee contains various bioactive compounds like caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and antioxidants that possess anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties, which could contribute to these protective effects.
On the other hand, excessive coffee intake can have detrimental consequences for individuals with existing digestive system diseases. For instance, patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often experience acid reflux symptoms worsened by coffee’s high acidity content and ability to relax the lower esophageal sphincter. Similarly, individuals with peptic ulcers may find that coffee exacerbates their symptoms due to its stimulating effect on stomach acid secretion.
Moreover, while caffeine is known for its stimulating properties that increase alertness and bowel movements in some individuals, it can also have a laxative effect leading to diarrhea or loose stools in others. Those suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often have heightened sensitivity to caffeine’s stimulant effects on the colon muscles. Consequently, reducing or avoiding coffee consumption may be recommended for these individuals.
Additionally, some studies suggest a potential link between coffee consumption and an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Although more research is needed to establish a definitive causal relationship between the two factors, it is prudent for individuals at higher risk for this type of cancer or those already diagnosed with it to exercise caution when consuming coffee.
Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the additives often accompanying coffee, such as sugar, creamers, or artificial sweeteners, can also impact digestive system health. These additives may exacerbate symptoms of certain digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome or worsen conditions like diabetes or obesity. Therefore, individuals should be aware of the potential additive-related effects when considering the impact of coffee on their digestive system.
In conclusion, the relationship between coffee and digestive system health is complex and multifaceted. While moderate consumption of coffee has shown potential benefits in preventing certain diseases, excessive intake can worsen symptoms for individuals with pre-existing conditions. It is crucial for individuals to understand their own sensitivity to coffee and its components and make informed decisions regarding its consumption based on their unique health circumstances.
Consulting with healthcare professionals can provide valuable guidance in this regard.
Exploring The Benefits Of Decaffeinated Coffee For Individuals With Digestive System Diseases
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide, known for its rich aroma and stimulating effects. However, for individuals with digestive system diseases, the high caffeine content in regular coffee can pose challenges. Fortunately, decaffeinated coffee offers a viable alternative that may provide several benefits to those with digestive conditions.
Decaffeinated coffee is produced by removing most of the caffeine from the beans while preserving its flavor and other beneficial compounds. This process allows individuals to enjoy a cup of coffee without experiencing the potential negative effects associated with caffeine consumption.
One significant benefit of decaffeinated coffee for individuals with digestive system diseases is its lower acidity compared to regular coffee. High levels of acidity in beverages can exacerbate symptoms such as acid reflux, heartburn, and stomach ulcers. By opting for decaf, individuals can still savor their favorite beverage without triggering discomfort or aggravating their condition.
Moreover, decaffeinated coffee has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties that may be particularly advantageous for those suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Inflammation in the digestive tract is a common characteristic of these conditions and can lead to severe symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition. Studies suggest that certain compounds found in decaf coffee possess anti-inflammatory effects that could potentially help alleviate these symptoms and promote gut health.
Additionally, decaffeinated coffee has been linked to improved gut motility – the movement of food through the digestive system – which is crucial for proper digestion. Some studies have suggested that certain components present in decaf stimulate gastrointestinal contractions and enhance overall bowel movements. Consequently, this may aid individuals who experience issues like constipation or slow transit time due to their underlying digestive condition.
Furthermore, it is worth noting that regular consumption of caffeinated drinks like traditional coffee has been associated with an increased risk of developing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This condition occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing discomfort and potential complications. By switching to decaffeinated coffee, individuals can minimize their exposure to caffeine and potentially reduce the likelihood of developing or exacerbating GERD symptoms.
It is important to note that while decaffeinated coffee offers potential benefits for individuals with digestive system diseases, it may not be suitable for everyone. Some individuals may still experience adverse effects from other compounds present in coffee or have specific sensitivities. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals consult with their healthcare provider to determine whether decaf coffee is a suitable addition to their diet.
In conclusion, decaffeinated coffee provides a promising alternative for individuals with digestive system diseases who wish to enjoy a cup of joe without experiencing the negative effects associated with regular coffee. With its lower acidity, anti-inflammatory properties, potential positive impact on gut motility, and reduced risk of aggravating conditions like GERD, decaf coffee offers a range of benefits that can support overall digestive health.
Incorporating Decaffeinated Coffee Into Your Diet Plan For A Healthy Digestive System
Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, known for its rich aroma and stimulating effects. While regular coffee may provide a morning boost, it can be problematic for individuals with digestive system diseases. However, decaffeinated coffee offers a viable alternative that allows you to enjoy the taste and potential health benefits without aggravating your condition. In this article, we will explore the benefits of incorporating decaffeinated coffee into your diet plan for a healthy digestive system.
Firstly, decaffeinated coffee has a milder effect on the digestive system compared to regular coffee due to its reduced caffeine content. Caffeine can stimulate the production of stomach acid, which may lead to heartburn, acid reflux, or exacerbate symptoms in individuals with conditions such as gastritis or peptic ulcers. By switching to decaffeinated coffee, you can decrease the likelihood of these discomforts and promote better overall digestion.
Moreover, decaffeinated coffee contains various beneficial compounds that can positively impact your digestive health. For instance, it still retains antioxidants such as chlorogenic acid and polyphenols that possess anti-inflammatory properties. These antioxidants help reduce inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and protect against conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or diverticulitis.
Furthermore, studies have suggested that decaffeinated coffee might have positive effects on gut microbiota—the community of bacteria residing in our intestines—which plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal digestion. Research has shown that certain compounds present in decaf coffee may promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting harmful ones. A healthy balance of gut microbiota contributes to improved digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Additionally, incorporating decaffeinated coffee into your diet plan can provide relief from common digestive issues like constipation or diarrhea. Coffee acts as a mild laxative due to its ability to stimulate muscle contractions in the colon, promoting regular bowel movements. However, caffeine can exacerbate these symptoms for individuals with sensitive digestive systems. By opting for decaf coffee, you can enjoy the potential benefits of improved bowel regularity without the risk of aggravating your condition.
When incorporating decaffeinated coffee into your diet plan, it is important to remember that moderation is key. While it may be gentler on the digestive system, excessive consumption can still lead to negative effects such as acid reflux or disruption of sleep patterns. It is recommended to limit your intake to a moderate amount and be mindful of any adverse reactions specific to your condition.
In conclusion, incorporating decaffeinated coffee into your diet plan offers a healthier alternative for individuals with digestive system diseases. Its milder effect on stomach acid production, anti-inflammatory properties, positive impact on gut microbiota, and potential relief from common digestive issues make it an excellent choice for promoting optimal digestion. By enjoying a cup of decaf coffee as part of a balanced diet, you can savor the taste while supporting a healthy digestive system.
Coffee And Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is a serious digestive system disease that causes inflammation in the pancreas, leading to various health complications. As coffee remains one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, it is crucial to explore its potential impact on individuals suffering from pancreatitis. While coffee has been associated with both positive and negative effects on health, understanding its relationship with pancreatitis requires a closer examination.
Research suggests that coffee consumption may have both beneficial and detrimental effects on individuals with pancreatitis. On one hand, studies have shown that regular coffee intake can reduce the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis, a long-term condition characterized by persistent inflammation in the pancreas. The antioxidants present in coffee have been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties that can potentially alleviate pancreatic inflammation and mitigate the progression of chronic pancreatitis.
Moreover, caffeine, a key component of coffee, has been observed to stimulate the production and release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. These enzymes aid in breaking down food and promoting efficient digestion. In this context, moderate coffee consumption might enhance pancreatic function by facilitating enzyme secretion and supporting healthy digestion.
However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of coffee can have adverse effects on individuals with pancreatitis. Coffee is known to stimulate gastric acid secretion, which can exacerbate symptoms such as abdominal pain and discomfort experienced by those with acute or chronic pancreatitis. Additionally, high caffeine intake has been associated with increased heart rate and blood pressure levels – factors that may worsen existing cardiovascular conditions often associated with severe cases of pancreatitis.
Furthermore, some studies suggest that consuming large amounts of unfiltered or boiled coffee – which contains higher levels of substances like cafestol and kahweol – may increase cholesterol levels in the blood. Elevated cholesterol poses an additional risk for individuals already dealing with pancreatic complications since it may lead to fatty deposits within blood vessels supplying the organ.
Given these potential pros and cons surrounding coffee consumption for those with pancreatitis, moderation and individual sensitivity become crucial factors to consider. It is advisable for individuals diagnosed with pancreatitis to consult their healthcare professionals regarding the appropriate amount of coffee intake based on their specific condition.
In conclusion, coffee and its impact on pancreatitis remains a subject of ongoing research. While moderate coffee consumption may provide certain benefits such as reducing the risk of chronic pancreatitis and stimulating pancreatic enzyme release, excessive intake can worsen symptoms and potentially exacerbate cardiovascular conditions associated with severe cases of pancreatitis. Understanding one’s own tolerance and seeking medical guidance is essential in determining the appropriate role of coffee in managing pancreatic health.
Coffee And Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, affects millions of individuals worldwide. It is characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. While there is no definitive cure for ulcerative colitis, managing the disease through medication and lifestyle modifications is crucial. One area of interest for many patients with this condition is the impact of coffee consumption on their symptoms and overall gut health.
Coffee, a popular beverage consumed globally, contains caffeine and other compounds that may potentially affect the digestive system. For individuals with ulcerative colitis, understanding how coffee interacts with their condition can help them make informed decisions about their dietary choices. Caffeine is known to have stimulating effects on the gastrointestinal tract. It can increase colonic motility and promote bowel movements in some individuals.
However, people with ulcerative colitis often experience increased intestinal motility naturally due to inflammation in their colon. Therefore, it is important to consider whether coffee’s stimulatory effect may exacerbate these symptoms or potentially trigger flare-ups. Research on the relationship between coffee consumption and ulcerative colitis has yielded mixed results. Some studies suggest that moderate coffee intake does not significantly worsen symptoms or increase disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis.
In fact, certain research has even suggested potential protective effects associated with coffee consumption due to its anti-inflammatory properties. A study published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology found that regular coffee consumption was associated with a decreased risk of developing primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a complication sometimes seen alongside ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, another study published in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases reported that caffeine intake from sources other than coffee was linked to an increased risk of symptom flares among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases but did not find such an association specifically for coffee consumption.
However, it is important to note that not all individuals with ulcerative colitis react the same way to coffee. Some patients may find that coffee exacerbates their symptoms, leading them to avoid it altogether. Others may tolerate moderate consumption without experiencing any adverse effects. It is recommended for individuals with ulcerative colitis to pay close attention to their body’s response and work closely with their healthcare provider or registered dietitian to determine what is best for them.
Moreover, it is worth considering the potential impact of additives commonly found in coffee such as milk, creamers, or sweeteners. Some individuals with ulcerative colitis may be sensitive to certain additives, which can worsen symptoms or trigger inflammation in the gut. Experimenting with different types of coffee preparations and monitoring how they affect one’s digestive system can help identify any potential triggers.
In conclusion, the relationship between coffee consumption and ulcerative colitis remains complex and varies from person to person. While some studies suggest potential benefits associated with moderate coffee intake, others caution against its stimulatory effects on intestinal motility.
Coffee And Roundworms
Coffee, a beloved beverage enjoyed by millions around the world, has long been a subject of interest when it comes to its potential effects on our health. Among the various aspects that have been explored, one area of particular concern is its impact on digestive system diseases, specifically in relation to roundworms. Let us delve deeper into this topic to better comprehend the relationship between coffee consumption and roundworm infestations.
Roundworms, scientifically known as nematodes, are parasites that can infect the human digestive system. They can enter our bodies through contaminated food or water and cause a range of symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and weight loss. Given their prevalence in certain regions worldwide and their potential health implications, researchers have sought to determine whether coffee consumption may play a role in preventing or treating these infestations.
Numerous studies have investigated the effect of coffee on roundworms with promising results. One study conducted by scientists at McGill University found that caffeine, a key component of coffee, exhibited strong anthelmintic properties against several species of nematodes. Caffeine was shown to inhibit the motility of these parasites while also reducing their egg-laying capacity. This suggests that regular coffee consumption may help decrease roundworm populations in infected individuals.
Another study published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases examined the effect of brewed coffee extract on human intestinal cells infected with roundworm larvae. The findings revealed that treatment with brewed coffee extract significantly reduced larval viability and impaired their ability to penetrate intestinal tissue. These results indicate that compounds present in coffee could potentially hinder the development and survival of roundworms within our bodies.
Furthermore, research has also explored how certain compounds found in coffee might enhance existing anthelmintic treatments for combating roundworm infections. A compound called cafestol present in unfiltered coffee was found to increase susceptibility to albendazole – a commonly used medication against roundworms. This suggests that combining coffee consumption with conventional treatment may enhance the efficacy of these medications, leading to more effective eradication of roundworm infestations.
While these studies provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of coffee in combating roundworms, it is important to note that further research is necessary to establish the optimal dosage and duration for coffee consumption as an adjunct therapy. Additionally, individual variations in response to coffee and its components should be considered when evaluating its effectiveness.
In conclusion, emerging research indicates that coffee, particularly its caffeine content, may have a positive impact on preventing and treating roundworm infestations. The anthelmintic properties exhibited by caffeine and other compounds found in coffee suggest a potential role for this beverage in reducing the burden of digestive system diseases caused by nematodes. However, it is advisable to consult healthcare professionals before making any significant changes to one’s diet or treatment plan.
Coffee And Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric stenosis is a digestive system disorder that affects the opening between the stomach and the small intestine, known as the pylorus. This condition primarily affects infants, causing them to experience symptoms like projectile vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. While coffee is a beloved beverage enjoyed by many, it’s essential to understand its potential impact on individuals with pyloric stenosis.
Coffee is a widely consumed stimulant that contains caffeine—an alkaloid compound known for its stimulating effects on the central nervous system. When ingested, caffeine can have various effects on different parts of our bodies, including the gastrointestinal tract. In relation to pyloric stenosis, coffee consumption may have implications due to its influence on gastric motility.
Gastric motility refers to the movement and contraction of muscles in the stomach needed for proper digestion. In individuals with pyloric stenosis, this process is already compromised due to the narrowing of the pylorus. Coffee can further exacerbate this condition as it acts as a gastric stimulant.
The consumption of coffee stimulates gastric acid secretion, which plays an essential role in breaking down food particles during digestion. However, excessive acid secretion can lead to increased irritation and inflammation of an already compromised pylorus in individuals with pyloric stenosis. This can potentially worsen their symptoms and hinder their ability to digest food properly.
Additionally, coffee has been found to increase gastrointestinal transit time—the time it takes for food to travel through the digestive system—due to its laxative effect. While this may not directly affect pyloric stenosis itself, it can result in more frequent bowel movements or loose stools in affected infants. These changes in bowel habits might disrupt their nutritional intake or exacerbate dehydration caused by vomiting.
It’s important for parents or caregivers of infants with pyloric stenosis to be aware of these potential effects when considering the consumption of coffee or any caffeine-containing products. While some individuals may find relief from certain digestive symptoms by avoiding coffee altogether, others may not experience significant changes.
As with any dietary consideration, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice tailored to the specific needs of the individual. They can provide guidance on whether coffee consumption should be limited or avoided entirely in cases of pyloric stenosis, taking into account factors such as the severity of symptoms and overall health.
In conclusion, while coffee is enjoyed by many, its impact on individuals with pyloric stenosis should be considered carefully. The stimulant properties of caffeine can potentially worsen symptoms and hinder proper digestion due to its effects on gastric motility and acid secretion. To ensure the well-being of individuals with pyloric stenosis, it is crucial to seek professional advice regarding their dietary choices and caffeine intake.
Coffee And Proctitis
Proctitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the rectum, which can cause discomfort and a range of digestive symptoms. As coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, it’s important to explore its potential impact on individuals with proctitis. While coffee does have some potential benefits, it can also exacerbate symptoms in certain cases.
One of the main concerns for individuals with proctitis when it comes to coffee consumption is its stimulant effect. Coffee contains caffeine, a well-known stimulant that can increase bowel activity and promote peristalsis. While this may be beneficial for those suffering from constipation, it can be problematic for individuals with proctitis who already experience increased bowel movements or diarrhea. The caffeine in coffee can further irritate the inflamed rectal lining, leading to more frequent and urgent trips to the bathroom.
In addition to caffeine, coffee also contains certain compounds that may aggravate inflammation in individuals with proctitis. Coffee is naturally acidic due to organic acids like chlorogenic acid and quinic acid. These acids can irritate the lining of the rectum and worsen existing inflammation. Furthermore, coffee has been found to stimulate gastric acid secretion, which could potentially contribute to increased gastrointestinal discomfort in people with proctitis.
However, it’s worth noting that every individual with proctitis may react differently to coffee consumption. Some people find that they are able to tolerate moderate amounts of coffee without experiencing any noticeable worsening of symptoms. In such cases, limiting intake or opting for decaffeinated alternatives might be sufficient measures to prevent flare-ups.
It’s important for those with proctitis who enjoy drinking coffee not only pay attention to their body’s response but also consider other factors that may influence symptom severity such as diet and stress levels. Some individuals find that consuming food alongside their cup of coffee helps buffer its effects on the digestive system. Experimenting with different brewing methods, such as using a coffee maker with a paper filter, can also help reduce the levels of irritants in the final cup.
Ultimately, it is recommended that individuals with proctitis consult their healthcare provider or a registered dietitian to determine whether coffee consumption is suitable for their specific case. These professionals can provide personalized advice and recommendations based on an individual’s overall health status and specific symptoms.
In conclusion, while coffee may have some potential benefits for certain individuals, those with proctitis should approach its consumption with caution. The stimulating effects of caffeine and the potential irritation caused by coffee’s natural acidity could worsen symptoms in some cases. Listening to one’s body and seeking professional guidance are crucial steps in managing proctitis effectively while enjoying a cup of coffee.
Coffee And Peritonitis
Peritonitis is a serious condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue lining the inner walls of the abdomen and covering the organs within it. This condition can result from various causes, such as infection, trauma, or a ruptured appendix. While coffee is a popular beverage enjoyed by many, it is important to understand its potential effects on individuals suffering from peritonitis.
One crucial aspect to consider when discussing coffee and peritonitis is its impact on hydration. Coffee is a diuretic, meaning it increases urine production and can potentially lead to dehydration. Dehydration can exacerbate symptoms in individuals with peritonitis as it may further compromise their already compromised immune systems. Therefore, individuals with this condition should be cautious when consuming coffee and ensure they are adequately hydrating themselves with water or other non-caffeinated beverages.
Furthermore, coffee contains caffeine which stimulates the central nervous system and increases heart rate. In individuals with peritonitis who may already have an elevated heart rate due to infection or inflammation, consuming coffee could potentially worsen their symptoms. It is essential for these patients to consult their healthcare provider before consuming coffee or other caffeinated beverages to evaluate whether it could have adverse effects on their cardiovascular health.
In addition to its diuretic and stimulant properties, coffee also contains certain compounds that may irritate the gastrointestinal system. The presence of acids in coffee can contribute to gastric irritation and increase stomach acid production. For individuals with peritonitis who may already experience abdominal pain and discomfort due to inflammation of the peritoneum, consuming acidic beverages like coffee could intensify these symptoms.
Moreover, some studies suggest that excessive caffeine intake can impair wound healing processes by decreasing collagen synthesis – an essential component for tissue repair. Individuals recovering from surgeries related to peritonitis may need optimal wound healing conditions for better outcomes; therefore, limiting caffeine consumption might be advisable during this critical period.
It is worth noting that these potential effects of coffee on individuals with peritonitis may vary from person to person. Some individuals may tolerate coffee without experiencing any adverse effects, while others may find it exacerbates their symptoms. Therefore, it is crucial for patients to consult their healthcare provider regarding their specific condition and medical history before making decisions about coffee consumption.
In conclusion, while coffee is a beloved beverage enjoyed by many, its consumption should be approached with caution in individuals with peritonitis. The diuretic and stimulant properties of coffee, as well as its potential to irritate the gastrointestinal system, may have adverse effects on these patients. It is essential for individuals with peritonitis to consult their healthcare provider before incorporating coffee into their diet and consider alternative beverages that will not compromise their health or exacerbate their symptoms.
Coffee And Peptic Ulcer
Peptic ulcer disease is a common digestive system disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective lining of the stomach or duodenum, known as the mucosa, becomes damaged and eroded. While many factors can contribute to the development of peptic ulcers, such as infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), there has been a longstanding belief that coffee consumption may also play a role in exacerbating this condition.
Coffee, one of the world’s most popular beverages, contains various compounds that could potentially irritate the gastrointestinal tract and aggravate peptic ulcers. One such compound is caffeine, which is known to stimulate acid secretion in the stomach. Increased acid production can lead to further erosion of the already vulnerable mucosal lining and contribute to ulcer formation or worsening symptoms.
Furthermore, coffee contains chlorogenic acids and catechols—both powerful antioxidants but also potential irritants to sensitive stomachs. These compounds have been shown to stimulate gastric acid secretion and decrease blood flow within the gastric mucosa. As a result, individuals with peptic ulcers may experience increased pain or discomfort after consuming coffee due to these effects.
However, recent research suggests that not all components of coffee have harmful effects on peptic ulcers. For instance, studies have shown that decaffeinated coffee does not significantly increase gastric acid production compared to regular coffee. This indicates that caffeine may be primarily responsible for stimulating acid secretion rather than other constituents present in coffee.
Additionally, some studies have found no direct association between moderate coffee consumption and increased risk for developing peptic ulcers or exacerbating existing ones. In fact, certain compounds in coffee—such as polyphenols—have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties and potentially protect against ulcer formation by reducing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract.
Ultimately, it appears that individual tolerance to coffee varies among people with peptic ulcers. While some individuals may experience worsened symptoms or increased acid secretion after consuming coffee, others may tolerate it well without adverse effects. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals with peptic ulcer disease to pay attention to their own body’s response and adjust their coffee consumption accordingly.
If you have been diagnosed with a peptic ulcer, it is advisable to consult with your healthcare provider about whether you should limit or avoid coffee altogether. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your specific condition and medical history.
In conclusion, the relationship between coffee consumption and peptic ulcers remains complex. While certain components of coffee, such as caffeine and certain acids, may irritate the gastrointestinal tract and worsen symptoms in some individuals, other compounds in coffee possess anti-inflammatory properties that could potentially protect against ulcer formation. Ultimately, moderation and individualized approaches are key when considering the impact of coffee on peptic ulcer disease.
